North Korea

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; Korean: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk; Hangul: 조선민주주의인민공화국; Hanja: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國), commonly known as North Korea, is a country in eastern Asia, covering the northern half of the peninsula of Korea. To the south it borders South Korea with which it formed a single nation until 1948. Its northern border is predominantly with China, and a small section with Russia. It is more commonly known locally as Pukchosŏn ("North Chosŏn"; 북조선; 北朝鮮). Bukhan ("North Han"; 북한; 北韓) is commonly used in South Korea.

조선민주주의인민공화국
Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk


(In Detail)

National motto: One is sure to win if one believes in and depends upon the people

Official language

Korean

Capital

P'yŏngyang

Eternal president

Kim Il-sung (deceased)

Chairman, National Defence Commission

Kim Jong-il¹

President, Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly

Kim Yong-nam²

Premier

Pak Pong-ju

Area
- Total
- % water

Ranked 97th
120,540 km²
0.1%

Population
- Total (2002)
- Density

Ranked 48th
22,224,195 ³
182.25/km²

Independence
- Date

From Japan
August 15, 1945

UTC +9

none (.kp is reserved)

Calling Code

850

(1) Kim Jong Il is the most powerful figure in the DPRK; the Chairman of the National Defence Commission is accorded the nation's "highest administrative authority"

(2) Kim Yong-nam is the de facto head of state; Kim Il-sung is "Eternal President of the Republic"

(3) Some aid and development agencies estimate the population at 18 to 20 millions.

Contents

1 History

2 Politics

3 Administrative divisions

8 Miscellaneous topics

9 External links

10 Further reading

History

Main article: History of North Korea

Japanese occupation of Korea ended after World War II in 1945. Korea was occupied by the Soviet Union north of the 38th Parallel and by the United States south of the 38th parallel, but the United States and the Soviet Union were unable to agree on implementation of Joint Trusteeship over Korea. This led in 1948 to the establishment of separate governments in the north and south, each claiming to be the legitimate government over all of Korea.

Growing tensions between the governments in the north and south eventually led to the Korean War, when on June 25th 1950 the (North) Korean People's Army crossed the 38th Parallel and attacked in force. The war continued until July 27th 1953, when the United Nations Command, the Chinese People's Volunteers and North Korea signed the Korean War Armistice Agreement. The demilitarized zone, or DMZ, was established to separate the two countries.

North Korea was ruled from 1948 by Kim Il-sung until his death on July 8, 1994. After the death of Kim Il Sung, his son Kim Jong-il was named General Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party on October 8, 1997. In 1998, the legislature reconfirmed him as Chairman of the National Defence Commission and declared that position as the "highest office of state." International relations generally improved, and there was a historic North-South summit in June 2000. However, tensions recently increased when North Korea resumed its nuclear weapons program.

During Kim Jong Il's rule during the mid to late 1990s, the country's economy declined significantly, and food shortages developed in many areas. According to aid groups, a significant but unknown number of people in rural areas starved to death due to famine, exacerbated by a collapse in the food distribution system. Large numbers of North Koreans illegally entered China in search of food, and there were also stories of cannibalism.

North Korea has remained one of the most isolated places in the world, with severe restrictions on travelling in or out of the country. There is no free press, and the Juche ideology of self-reliance is paramount.

See also: Division of Korea

Politics

Main article: Politics of North Korea

North Korea's government is dominated by the communist Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), to which all government officials belong. Minor political parties exist, but not in opposition to WPK-rule. In practice the exact power structure of the country is somewhat unclear.

Nominally the Prime Minister is the head of government, but real power lies with Kim Jong Il (the son of late Kim Il Sung), the head of the Workers' Party and the military. Kim holds a string of official titles, the most important being General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (조선로동당 총비서), Chairman of the National Defence Commission (국방위원회 위원장), and Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army (조선인민군 최고사령관). Within the country he is commonly known by the affectionate title of "Dear Leader", in contrast to Kim Il Sung, who is the "Great Leader".

North Korea's 1972 constitution was amended in late 1992 and again in 1998. The 1998 constitution states that the late Kim Il Sung is "Eternal President", occupying the presidency even after his death. The government of the republic is led by the Prime Minister and, in theory, a super cabinet called the Central People's Committee (CPC), the government's top policymaking body. The CPC is headed by the President, who also nominates the other committee members. The CPC makes policy decisions and supervises the Cabinet, or State Administration Council (SAC). SAC is headed by a Premier and is the dominant administrative and executive agency.

Officially, the parliament, the Supreme People's Assembly (최고인민회의; Choego Inmin Hoeui), is the highest organ of state power. Its 687 members are elected every four years by popular vote, although these elections are non-competitive and in practice ceremonial. Usually it holds only two annual meetings, each lasting a few days, but it mostly ratifies decisions made by the ruling KWP. A standing committee elected by the Assembly performs legislative functions when the Assembly is not in session.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of North Korea

Map of North Korea

As of 2004, North Korea consists of two Directly-governed Cities (Chik'alshi; 직할시; 直轄市), three special regions with various designations, and nine Provinces (Do, singular and plural; 도; 道). (Names are romanized according to the McCune-Reischauer system as officially used in North Korea; the editor was also guided by the spellings used on the 2003 National Geographic map of Korea).

For historical information, see Provinces of Korea and Special cities of Korea.

Directly-governed Cities

P'yŏngyang Directly-governed City (P'yŏngyang Chik'alshi; 평양 직할시; 平壤直轄市)
Rasŏn (Rajin-Sŏnbong) Chik'alshi (라선 (라진-선봉) 직할시; 羅先 (羅津-先鋒) 直轄市)

Special Regions

Kaesŏng Industrial Region (Kaesŏng Kong-ŏp Chigu; 개성 공업 지구; 開城工業地區)
Kŭmgang-san Tourist Region (Kŭmgang-san Kwangwang Chigu; 금강산 관광 지구; 金剛山觀光地區)
Shinŭiju Special Administrative Region (Shinŭiju T'ŭkbyŏl Haengjeonggu; 신의주 특별 행정구; 新義州特別行政區)

Provinces

Chagang Province (Chagang-do; 자강도; 慈江道)
North Hamgyŏng Province (Hamgyŏng-bukto; 함경 북도; 咸鏡北道)
South Hamgyŏng Province (Hamgyŏng-namdo; 함경 남도; 咸鏡南道)
North Hwanghae Province (Hwanghae-bukto; 황해 북도; 黃海北道)
South Hwanghae Province (Hwanghae-namdo; 황해 남도; 黃海南道)
Kangwŏn Province (Kangwŏndo; 강원도; 江原道)
North P'yŏngan Province (P'yŏngan-bukto; 평안 북도; 平安北道)
South P'yŏngan Province (P'yŏngan-namdo; 평안 남도; 平安南道)
Ryanggang Province (Ryanggang-do; 량강도; 兩江道--sometimes also spelled as 'Yanggang' in English)

Geography

Main article: Geography of North Korea

Korea forms a peninsula that extends 1,100 km from the Asian mainland. To the west it borders the West Sea (Yellow Sea) and the Korea Bay; to the east it borders the East Sea of Korea (Sea of Japan). The peninsula ends at the Korea Strait (Tsushima Strait) and the South Sea (East China Sea) to the south. The peninsula's northern part (including North Korea) has mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys in the north and east, and has coastal plains prominently in the west. The highest point in Korea is the Paektu-san at 2,744 m. Major rivers include the Tumen and the Yalu that form the northern border with Chinese Manchuria.

The local climate is relatively temperate, with precipitation heavier in summer during a short rainy season called jangma, and winters that can be bitterly cold on occasion. North Korea's capital and largest city is P'yŏngyang; other major cities include Kaesŏng in the south, Shinŭiju in the northwest, Wŏnsan and Hamhŭng in the east and Ch'ŏngjin in the northeast.

Economy

Main article: Economy of North Korea

Following the official ideology of Juche (self-reliance), North Korea has developed independently of global capitalist economies. The resulting economic development and the government's refusal to publicise economic data limit the amount of reliable information available. Publicly-owned industry produces nearly all manufactured goods. The regime continues to focus on heavy military industry at the expense of agriculture.

The North Korean military's effect on the economy cannot be underestimated. The government spends 33.9% of the nation's GDP on military (Compared to 3.2% for the U.S. and 1.4% spent by neighboring South Korea), and has recruited 1.2 million of the healthiest young men into the army. This focus on military spending is unheard of anywhere else in the world, and has severely depressed the North's economy for decades.

In addition, erratic policymaking, a series of natural disasters, and the collapse of the Soviet bloc have all caused the economy to stagnate. The agricultural outlook is terrible and food products are deliberately diverted away from citizens and into the military. The combined effects of a reclusive regime, serious fertilizer shortages, successive natural disasters, and structural constraints - such as little arable land and a short growing season - have reduced staple grain output to more than 1 million tons less than what the country needs to meet even minimum international requirements.

North Korea previously received a flow of international food and fuel aid from China and the United States in exchange for promises not to develop nuclear weapons. This aid has ceased since the North Korean regime revealed that it had been developing nuclear weapons in secret.

The steady flow of international food aid was critical in meeting the population's basic food needs; it has been widely believed that very little of this food aid was actually received by citizens, but was instead taken and given to the military in order to improve loyalty. Malnutrition rates are perhaps among the world's highest and estimates of mortality range in the hundreds of thousands or even millions as a direct result of malnutrition and famine-related diseases. Information regarding the DPRK is chronically unreliable.

Recently, in July 2002, North Korea started running an experiment with capitalism in the Kaesŏng Industrial Region. A small number of other areas have been designated as Special Administrative Regions, including Shinŭiju along the China-North Korea border. China and South Korea are the biggest trade partners of North Korea, with trade with China going up 38% to $1.02 billion in 2003, and trade with South Korea going up 12% to $724 million in 2003 since the start of the experiment. It is reported that the number of mobile phones in P'yŏngyang rose from only 3,000 in 2002 to approximately 20,000 during 2004. A small amount of capitalistic elements are gradually spreading from the trial area, including a number of advertising billboards along certain highways. Recent visitors have reported that the amount of open-air farmer markets have increased in Kaesong, P'yŏngyang, as well as the China-North Korea border, bypassing the food rationing system. Critics argue that these market reforms are merely a cover by the North Korea government, while others argue that the reforms indicate a tacit North Korea admission of the successes of a market system.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of North Korea

North Korea's population is one of the most ethnically and linguistically homogenous in the world, with only very small Chinese and Japanese communities. Korean language is not a member of a wider linguistic family, though links to Japanese and Altaic languages are being considered. The Korean writing system, Hangul, was invented in the 15th century by King Sejong the Great to replace the system of Chinese characters, known in Korea as Hanja, which are no longer officially in use in the North. North Korea continues to use the McCune-Reischauer romanisation of Korean, in contrast to the South's revised version.

North Korea is officially atheist, although it has a Buddhist and Confucianist heritage, with Christian and traditional Chondogyo ("Heavenly Way") communities. Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, was the center of Christian activity before the Korean War.

Culture

Main article: Culture of North Korea

North Korea's government is extremely reclusive, and as such, very few foreigners enter the country. No foreigners are allowed to travel with a great degree of freedom, and government minders are assigned to watch all visitors outside of closed tour areas at all times. In principle any person is allowed to travel to North Korea, and in practice almost nobody is refused entry by North Korea. The US has, however, banned its own citizens from entering North Korea. The presence of government minders and the negative reputation of the government, however, discourage many outsiders from visiting.

Panmunjeom, Border between South and North Korea

Citizens of South Korea require special government permission from both governments to enter North Korea. In recent years, the area around Mount Kŭmgang, a scenic mountain close to the South Korea border, has been designated as a special tourist destination (Kŭmgang-san Tourist Region), where South Korean citizens do not need special permissions. Tours run by private companies bring thousands of South Koreans to Mount Kŭmgang every year.

Reports by human rights organizations regularly accuse the government of failing to protect the human rights of North Koreans; [1] (http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-prk/index) North Korea receives particular criticism for its policy of preventing citizens from leaving the country freely.

In July 2004, the Complex of Koguryo Tombs was the first site in North Korea to be included into the UNESCO list of World Heritage.

See also:

Miscellaneous topics

External links

korea-dpr.com (http://www.korea-dpr.com/) - Official webpage of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
Kim Il Sung (http://www.korea-dpr.com/library/201.pdf): 10 Point programme for reunification of the country
Liberation in North Korea (http://www.linkglobal.org) - grassroots organization pressing for human rights in North Korea.
Naenara (http://www.kcckp.net/external_e/) - extensive website on North Korea.
Library of Congress: North Korea, A Country Study (http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/kptoc.html) - Profiles the country's history, society, economy, government, politics and military.
SinoKorea (http://dprk-cn.com) - Korea Fan Workroom (China)
Happy Birthday, North Korea (http://www.simonbone.com/myohyang.html) - A 1998 visit to the DPRK, on the occasion of its 50th anniversary.
Korean Friendship Association (http://www.korea-dpr.com)
Korean Central News Agency (http://www.kcna.co.jp/index-e.htm) - Official DPRK news site
North Korea Resources (http://mapage.noos.fr/jeejee/north_korea.html) - Links and backgrounds on North Korea
Another Korea (http://times.hankooki.com/special/special_edition1_list.htm) - Background stories on North Korea
Chosun Ilbo (http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200403/200403020016.html) - Defector's Tales from North Korea
BBC Radio 3: Andy Kershaw in North Korea (http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/worldmusic/onlocation/northkorea.shtml)
Journey into Kimland (http://1stopkorea.com/index.htm?nk-trip1.htm~mainframe) by Scott Fisher; a detailed report about the author's 2002 trip to the country. Includes many photos and cultural commentary.
BBC - This World (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/this_world/3436701.stm), Documentary broadcast in the UK on BBC2 on February 1, 2004.
U.S. Department of State Consular Information Sheet for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) (http://travel.state.gov/travel/nkorea.html)
North Korea (http://www.dprktime.com)- In Chinese
North Korea Today (http://www.infovlad.net/underground/asia/nkorea/)- In Japanese
Washington Post (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48491-2004May22.html) - Article about capitalism trial in Kaesŏng Industrial Park
Korea Peace Network (http://www.koreapeacenetwork.info/) - Letter of Appeal to American Public on US policy towards Korea