Independent Subway System

The Independent Subway System (IND, earlier ISS or Independent City-Owned Subway System (ICOS) or Independent City-Owned Rapid Transit Railroad) is now an operating subway division of the New York City Transit Authority. For operational purposes, the IND is merged with the BMT; together known as the "B" Division.

The IND was conceived as a subway to be fully owned and operated by the City of New York, in contrast to the IRT and BMT companies, whose subways were privately operated on lines owned by the companies, or on new lines built by the City and paid for by a combination of City and company funding.

The first IND line opened on 8th Avenue in Manhattan in 1932.

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