Hooliganism
Hooliganism is unruly and destructive behaviour, usually by gangs of young men.
It is frequently linked in the public mind with the game and support of football (soccer) clubs. The term has however been widely used since (at least) the 1990s to describe various street gangs of youths behaving indecorously. Hooligans have also attached themselves to other sports, such as rugby and even of recent times cricket.
Violence in sports is probably as old as civilisation. In the 6th century, rivalry between supporters of the Blue and Green chariot-racing teams in Constantinople, led to 30,000 deaths in the week of the Nika riots in 532.
The game of football has long been associated with violence since its beginnings in 13th century England. Medieval football matches involved hundreds of players, and were essentially pitched battles between the young men of rival villages. Only two periods in British history have been relatively free of football-related violence: the inter-war years and the decade following the Second World War.
The behaviour now known as 'football hooliganism' originated in England in the early 1960s.
In other European countries, similar patterns of behaviour emerged about 10 years later, in the early 1970s. Italian fans created a particularly fanatical brand of football support known as Ultra. Ultras are now a major force in the Italian game and are prevalent in most European countries.
See also
External links
- What is Football Hooliganism? (Source: The football Industry group) (http://www.liv.ac.uk/footballindustry/hooligan.html)
- Interpol Football Hooliganism page (http://www.interpol.com/Public/PublicOrder/hooliganism/Default.asp)
de:Hooligan ja:フーリガン