Geography of Iceland
Iceland is a large island with extensive volcanic and geothermal activity located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean east of Greenland immediately south of the Arctic Circle. It lies about 4,200 kilometers (2,600 mi.) from New York and 830 kilometers (520 mi.) from Scotland. The rift associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which marks the division between the European and North American plates runs across Iceland from the southwest to the northeast. This geographic feature is prominent at the Þingvellir National Park where the promontory creates an extraordinary natural amphitheater. Just over a thousand years ago Iceland's first parliament (Althing) was convened there.
About half of Iceland's land area, which is of recent volcanic origin, consists of a mountainous lava desert (highest elevation 2,119 meters--6,970 ft. --above sea level), and other wasteland. Eleven percent is covered by three large glaciers:
- Vatnajökull (8300 km²)
- Langjökull (953 km²)
- Hofsjökull (925 km²)
and several smaller ones:
- Mýrdalsjökull, size 695 km²
- Drangajökull, size 199 km²
- Eyjafjallajökull, size 107 km²
- Snæfellsjökull,
Twenty percent of the land is used for grazing, and only 1% is cultivated. An ambitious reforestation program is under way. The inhabited areas are on the coast, particularly in the southwest, whereas the central highlands are totally uninhabited.
Because of the Gulf Stream's moderating influence, the climate is characterized by damp, cool summers and relatively mild but windy winters. In Reykjavík, the average temperature is 11°C (52°F) in July and -1°C (30°F) in January.
Statistics
- Location:
- Northern Europe (mostly for cultural and historical reasons it is not considered to be a part of the Americas), island between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the United Kingdom.
- Geographic coordinates:
- 65° 00′ N, 18° 00′ W
- North: Rifstangi, 66°32′,3 N
- South: Kötlutangi, 63°23′,6 N
- West: Bjargtangar, 24°32′,1 W
- East: Gerpir, 13°29′,6 W
- Area--comparative:
- Slightly smaller than Kentucky; about half the size of Great Britain
- Land boundaries:
- 0 km
- Coastline:
- 4,988 km
- Maritime claims:
- Continental shelf: 200 nautical miles or to the edge of the continental margin
- Exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles
- Territorial sea: 12 nautical miles
- Climate:
- Temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; cool summers, damp in the South and West
- Terrain:
- Mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords
- Elevation extremes:
- Lowest point: Jölkulsárlón Lagoon:-146 m, Atlantic Ocean 0 m
- Highest point: Hvannadalshnúkur 2,119 m
- Natural resources:
- Fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
- Land use:
- Arable land: 0%
- Permanent crops: 0%
- Permanent pastures: 23%
- Forests and woodland: 1%
- Other: 76% (1993 est.)
- Irrigated land:
- NA km²
- Natural hazards:
- Earthquakes and volcanic activity; avalanches
- Environment--current issues:
- Eater pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate wastewater treatment
- Environment--international agreements:
- Party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
- Signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation
- Geography--note:
- Strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European country; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe
See also: Iceland, Volcanoes of Iceland, Rivers of Iceland, Waterfalls of Iceland, Fjords of Iceland, Lakes of Iceland
de:Geographie Islands
es:Geografía de Islandia
fr:Géographie de l'Islande
is:Landafræði Íslands
pl:Geografia Islandii
Categories: Geography of Iceland | Geography by country