Creole languageA creole is a language descended from a pidgin that has become the native language of a group of people. Study of Creole languages around the world (in particular by Derek Bickerton) has shown that they display remarkable similarities in grammar, lending support to the theory of a Universal Grammar. The majority of creole languages are based on English and other Indo-European languages (their superstrate language), with local or immigrant languages as substrate languages. Pidgins are rudimentary languages improvised by non-native speakers; when pidgins creolize, however, they develop fully-formed and stable grammar structures, usually as a result of the pidgin being natively learned by children. (see Nicaraguan Sign Language.) In some cases the group of people who speak such a language are called Creoles.
Arabic creolesKi-NubiAn Arabic-based creole spoken by descendants of Sudanese soldiers mainly in Kenya and Uganda, formed in the nineteenth century from a Sudanese Arabic-based pidgin used for intercommunication among southern Sudanese ethnic groups. See also Varieties of Arabic. Juba ArabicA major language of inter-ethnic communication in Equatoria (southern Sudan), creolized from the same pidgin Arabic as Ki-Nubi. Babalia Creole ArabicA Shuwa Arabic-based creole spoken in 23 villages of the Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture in southwestern Chad; the substrate language was Berakou. Cree creolesChinook Jargonwas used as a trade language by Native Americans prior to, and shortly after, contact with Europeans. It contains elements of Cree and many neighboring Native American languages. After European contact, it also began incorporating elements of French and English. While not strictly speaking a creole (it had no native speakers), it had well-defined grammar, phonology, and vocabulary, and thus can be placed in the category of creoles. English CreolesBislamaBislama (older Bêche-la-mar) is an English-based creole, and is the national language of Vanuatu. Hawaiian Creole EnglishHawaiian Pidgin began as a pidgin jargon used in the early European colonization of the Hawaiian Islands. English served as the superstrate language, with Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, and Hawaiian elements incorporated. Children started using it as a lingua franca, and by the 20's it had creolized and become the dominant language of Hawaii, as it still is today. Kreyolis spoken in Liberia, and has English and French as superstrate languages, with several Bantu languages as substrate languages. KriolAlso known as Roper River Creole, has become the major non-English language among Aboriginal Australians with over 10,000 first language speakers. Pitcairnese, NorfukSpoken exclusively by the inhabitants of the Pitcairn Islands and Pitcairnese migrants in Norfolk Island, an 18th century dialect of English is spoken with the Tahitian language to form the Creole language known as Pitcairnese, or Norfuk in Norfolk Island. Sranang TongoIn Suriname. Tok Pisinis spoken throughout Papua New Guinea. English is the superstrate language, with various Papuan languages providing grammatical and lexical input. Torres Strait CreoleSpoken by Torres Straits Islanders. French CreolesHaitian Creoleis a language spoken primarily in Haiti. French is its superstrate language, with numerous African languages and some local indigenous languages providing substrate input. Antillean Creoleis a language spoken primarily in Dominica and St. Lucia. Kreyol LwiziyenLouisiana creole, spoken mainly by African American Creoles in Louisiana. Mauritian CreoleSpoken as the lingua franca in Mauritius Seychellois CreoleAlso known as Seselwa, Seychellois Creole is an official language, along with English and French, as well as the lingua franca of the Seychelles. German CreolesUnserdeutschor Rabaul Creol German. Unserdeutsch means "our German". It is a language spoken primarily in Papua New Guinea and the northeast of Australia and almost extinct. It was formed among the New Guinean children residing in a German-run orphanage. Only a few native speakers are still alive. ISO-Code 639-2: crp Malay CreolesFor further information, see on Malay Creole Portuguese CreolesFor information on Portuguese-based Creole languages, see Portuguese Creole. There are several Portuguese Creoles: BurgherAlso known as Sri Lanka Portuguese (Creole). Spoken in Sri Lanka, local languages are the substrate. Creoles of Cape VerdeSpoken in Cape Verde, at least, two creoles. Some locals refer 10 different creoles, one for each inhabited island and two for the island of Santiago. Several African substrate languages. Creoles of IndiaVarious creoles were largely spoken in India, the remaining are under threat: Crioulo de Diu, Crioulo de Vaipim, Língua da Casa and Kristi. Creoles of São Tomé and PríncipeThree different Creole languages are spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe, all based in Portuguese: Forro, Lunguyê and Lungua N'golá, several African languages work as substrate. Lunga N'Golá is based on Bantu languages. Fá d'AmbôLanguage of the island of Annobón, Equatorial Guinea, related to Forro from São Tomé and Príncipe. KriolAncient creole and the first Portuguese creole. Also known as Crioulo it is spoken in Guinea-Bissau and Senegal the local African languages are the substrate. Divided into three dialectal groups. It is the Lingua franca of Guinea-Bissau. Macaista ChapadoSpoken in Macao, China and, until early 20th century, in Hong-Kong. Chinese, Malay and Indian languages as substrate.
Papiá KristangSpoken in Malacca, Malaysia. Malay is substrate.
PapiamentoSpoken in Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, the Dutch West Indies. Spanish influenced. SaramacanoAlso known as Saramaccan. Spoken in some areas of Suriname. English influenced. Spanish CreolesFor information on Spanish-based Creole languages see Spanish Creole.
de:Kreolsprache es:Lengua criolla fr:Créole ja:クレオール言語 pl:Języki kreolskie sl:Kreolščina fi:Kreolikieli Categories: Linguistics |
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