Austria

Republik Österreich</font></caption>

(In detail) (Full size)
National motto: none
Official languages:	German, regional: Slovenian, Croatian, Hungarian
Capital:  - Population:  - Coordinates:	Vienna (Wien) 1,550,123 (2001) 48°13'N, 16°22'E
Largest city:	Vienna (Wien)
Head of State:	Heinz Fischer, President
Head of Government:	Wolfgang Schüssel, Chancellor
Area:  - Total:  - % water:	World ranking: 112th 83,858 km² 1.3%
Land borders: Coastline:	2,562 km none
Population:  - Total:  - Density:	World ranking: 86th 8,150,836 (2000) 97/km²
Independence:	27 July 1955
National Day:	26 October
Religions:	Roman Catholic 84% Protestant 6%
Currency:	Euro (€)¹ = 100 cents
Time zone:	CET: UTC+1:00; UTC+2:00 (Daylight Saving)
National anthem:	Land Der Berge, Land Am Strome (German: Land Of Mountains, Land On The River)
Internet TLD:	.at
Calling Code:	43
¹ prior to 1999, Schilling (ATS)=100 Groschen
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Austria is a landlocked country in Central Europe, a federation of nine states. Austria is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The official name of the country is the Republic of Austria.

History and origin of the name

The German name Österreich translates as eastern kingdom and was derived from the Old German Östarrhi.

The name Austria is derived fron the Medieval Latin form Marchia austracia, which translates as eastern border, being situated as it was at the eastern edge of the empire of Charlemagne. Interestingly the derivation of the Latin name from the original Old German gives rise to the use of Aust- for 'east', rather than 'south', as in classical Latin.

History

Main article: History of Austria

After being conquered by the Romans, Huns, Lombards, Ostrogoths, Bavarii and Franks, Austria was under the rule of the Babenbergs from the 10th to the 13th century. The Babenbergs were then succeeded by the Habsburgs, whose line continued to govern Austria until the 20th century.

After the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Empire of Austria was founded, which was transformed in 1867 into the double-monarchy Austria-Hungary. The empire was split into several independent states after the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, leading to Austria as it is today.

In 1918 Austria became a republic, which lasted until 1934 when the chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß established a dictatorship.

Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938 (the Anschluss). After the defeat of the Nazis, the Allies occupied Austria at the end of World War II until 1955, when the country again became a fully independent republic under the condition that it remained neutral (see also: Austrian State Treaty). However, after the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, Austria became increasingly involved in European affairs and, in 1995, Austria joined the European Union then the Euro monetary system in 1999.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Austria

The head of state is a president, elected every six years by popular vote. The President chooses the chancellor, traditionally the leader of the largest party in the elections for parliament. The Austrian parliament consists of two chambers, the Bundesrat, which consists of 64 representatives of the states, based on population, and the Nationalrat, which has 183 directly-elected members.

After three decades of social-democratic (SPÖ) participation in government, a right-wing coalition was formed in 2000, consisting of the conservative People's Party (ÖVP) and the right-wing Freedom Party (FPÖ). However, after some turmoil within the FPÖ concerning party policy and leadership, Federal Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel (ÖVP) announced on September 9, 2002 that general elections would be held prematurely at the end of November. In the elections of November 24, 2002, the ÖVP won a landslide victory (42.3% of the vote), whereas the FPÖ was reduced to a mere 10.1%.

The current Austrian parliament (Nationalrat, 183 seats) is made up as follows:

• 79 seats ÖVP (Austrian People's Party) (42.3% of the vote)
• 69 seats SPÖ (Austrian Social Democratic Party) (36.51%)
• 18 seats FPÖ (Austrian Freedom Party) (10.1%)
• 17 seats Die Grünen (Austrian Green Party) (9.47%)

On February 28, 2003, the coalition between the ÖVP and the FPÖ was continued, again with Wolfgang Schüssel (ÖVP) as Federal Chancellor. His Vice Chancellor was Herbert Haupt (FPÖ) until replaced by Hubert Gorbach (FPÖ) on October 20, 2003. Prior to that, long-lasting "probing talks" ("Sondierungsgespräche") took place between the ÖVP and the other major parties FPÖ, SPÖ and the Green Party.

Administrative divisions

Main article: States of Austria

A federal republic, Austria is divided into nine states, or Bundesländer (singular Bundesland).

Burgenland Carinthia Lower Austria Upper Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Vorarlberg Vienna

Geography

Main article: Geography of Austria

Austria's west and south are situated in the Alps, making it a well-known winter sports destination. The highest mountain is the Großglockner, at 3798 metres above sea level, followed by the Wildspitze (3774 m).

The north and east of the country are mostly rolling terrain. The climate is temperate, with cold winters and cool summers.

Cities and towns

Main article: List of cities in Austria

The main cities are its capital Vienna and the capitals of its states (Bundesländer) St. Pölten, Linz, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Bregenz, Klagenfurt, Graz and Eisenstadt.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Austria

Austria, with its well-developed market economy and high standard of living, is closely tied to other European Union economies, especially Germany's. Membership in the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to EU aspirant economies. Slow growth in Germany and elsewhere in the world affected Austria, slowing its growth to 1.2% in 2001. To meet increased competition from both EU and Central European countries, Austria will need to emphasize knowledge-based sectors of the economy, continue to deregulate the service sector and lower its tax burden.

The town of Kaprun in the state of Salzburg

See also: List of Austrian companies

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Austria

German-Austrians, by far the country's largest ethnic group, form between 85% and 89% of Austria's population. Around ten percent of Austria's people are of non-Austrian descent, many from surrounding countries, especially from the former East Bloc nations. The Austrian federal states of Carinthia and Styria are home to a significant (indigenous) Slovenian minority with around 18,000 members. So-called guest workers (Gastarbeiter) and their descendants also form an important minority group in Austria. The official language, German, is spoken by almost all residents of the country. Austria's mountainous terrain lead to the development of many distinct German dialects. All of the dialects in the country, however, belong to Austro-Bavarian groups of German dialects, with the exception of the dialect spoken in its west-most Bundesland, Vorarlberg, which belongs to the group of Alemannic dialects.

There is also a distinct grammatical standard for Austrian German with a few significant differences to the German spoken in Germany.

More than three-quarters of Austrians are Roman Catholic. Other important religions are Islam and Protestantism. Jews have lived in the areas that now form the Republic of Austria for centuries. A large portion of Austria's Jewish community emigrated during the 1930s and most of the remaining Jewish community was murdered during the holocaust. In 1930, Austria was home to at least 100,000 Jews. Today, estimates place the size of Austria's small but growing Jewish community between 10,000 and 20,000.

Well-known Austrians

Main article: List of Austrians

Austria has been the birthplace for several famous composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss, Sr. and Johann Strauss, Jr.; it's also the home of members of the Second Viennese School such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg.

Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau, Austria.

Other famous Austrians include physicists Ludwig Boltzmann, Erwin Schrödinger, Wolfgang Pauli and Christian Doppler (Doppler effect), as well as philosophers Ludwig Wittgenstein or Karl Popper, mathematician Kurt Gödel, psychoanalysts Sigmund Freud or Alfred Adler, economists Joseph Schumpeter or Friedrich Hayek, poet Peter Rosegger, painter Gustav Klimt and engineer Ferdinand Porsche. Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are Elfriede Jelinek and Peter Handke.

Being situated in the Alps, Austria has been the homeland of many great alpine skiers, such as Toni Sailer, Hermann Maier, Annemarie Moser-Pröll and Anita Wachter.

Also the former actor and current governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger is Austrian.

Miscellaneous topics

• Communications in Austria
• Transportation in Austria
• Military of Austria
• Foreign relations of Austria
• Austria/Language
• Tourism in Austria
• Stamps and postal history of Austria
• Public holidays in Austria
• Rural Traditions in Austria
• Media in Austria
• Reporters without borders Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2002: Rank 26 out of 139 countries (three-way tie)
• List of sovereign states

Much of the material in these articles comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website.

External links

• Website of the Federal Chancellery of Austria (German, English) (http://www.bundeskanzleramt.at/)
• "Alltag raus, Österreich rein" (http://www.austria-tourism.at/) Official homepage of the Austrian National Tourist Office (German, English and other languages)
• Aeiou - Austrian cultural information system of the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture (http://www.aeiou.at/) Hyperwave-based cultural information system, a bit like a moderated culture AskFactMaster.Com.
• Library of Congress Portals on the World - Austria (http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/austria/au.html)
• CIA's Factbook on Austria (http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/au.html)
• ORF - Austria Radio stations (live feed) (http://radio.orf.at/)

European Union (EU)
Austria | Belgium | Cyprus | Czech Republic | Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Ireland | Italy | Latvia | Lithuania | Luxembourg | Malta | Netherlands | Poland | Portugal | Slovakia | Slovenia | Spain | Sweden | United Kingdom

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